Conjunctions | Use of Subordinating Conjunctions
जैसा पूर्व में बताया गया है Subordinating Conjunctions, एक Subordinate Clause को दूसरी Clause से जोड़ते हैं। I purchased a pen, because I had no pen.
Subordinating Conjunctions
'because I had no pen' एक Subordinate Clause है जो अपने पूर्ण अर्थ के लिए अन्य Clause पर निर्भर है। 'because' एवं Subordinating Conjunction है।
इस तरह के मुख्य Conjunctions है: after, because, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while etc. Subordinating Conjunction को इनके द्वारा व्यक्त कार्य/अर्थ के अनुसार निम्न भागों में वर्गीकृत किया गया है
1. Time
ये Conjunction, समय के संदर्भ में प्रयुक्त होते हैं। इस तरह के Conjunctions हैं: when, whenever, till, until, before, after, as soon as, as, since, while, etc.
Read the following sentences:
When I went to the office, the peon was going to his house.
I have been searching for her since I met her.
Ramesh went to his home after he completed his work.
You should complete the work before you go to market.
Make hay while the sun shines.
I will start the business, as soon as I get the license.
He will stay in the office until you reach there.
Read the following sentences:
When I went to the office, the peon was going to his house.
I have been searching for her since I met her.
Ramesh went to his home after he completed his work.
You should complete the work before you go to market.
Make hay while the sun shines.
I will start the business, as soon as I get the license.
He will stay in the office until you reach there.
यहाँ Subordinating Conjunction, समय के सन्दर्भ में प्रयुक्त हुए हैं।
2. Cause or Reason
ये Conjunction, वाक्य में कार्य के Cause या Reason के सन्दर्भ में प्रयुक्त होते हैं। इस तरह के मुख्य Conjunctions: as, because, since etc.
Read the following sentences:
I telephoned her father as she was not available in the office.
He is allowed to enter as he is invited by us.
I can't buy this car, since it is very costly.
She is crying because someone has stolen her purse.
यहाँ Subordinating Conjunction कार्य के कारण के सन्दर्भ में प्रयुक्त हुए हैं।
3. Purpose
वाक्य में Purpose को व्यक्त करने वाले Conjunctions मुख्यतया ये हैं: that, so that, in order that, lest etc.
Read the following sentences:
We eat that we may live.
He came here so that he can discuss the plan.
Run fast lest you should miss the train.
He is working hard in order that he can succeed.
Read the following sentences:
We eat that we may live.
He came here so that he can discuss the plan.
Run fast lest you should miss the train.
He is working hard in order that he can succeed.
यहाँ Subordinating Conjunctions, purpose के सन्दर्भ में प्रयुक्त हुए हैं।
4. Result or Consequences
परिणाम (Result) के सन्दर्भ में प्रयुक्त होने वाले Conjunctions इस श्रेणी में आते हैं। इस तरह के Conjunction है: so that, such that, that etc.
Read the following sentences:
The coffee is so hot that I can't drink it.
He spoke in such a loud voice that everyone could hear him well.
She is such a nasty girl that you can't rely on her.
Read the following sentences:
The coffee is so hot that I can't drink it.
He spoke in such a loud voice that everyone could hear him well.
She is such a nasty girl that you can't rely on her.
5. Condition
शर्त के संदर्भ में प्रयुक्त होने वाले Conjunctions; जैसे: If, unless, provided, that, supposing etc. इस श्रेणी में आते हैं।
Read the following sentences:
You cannot succeed unless you work hard.
He will help you if you ask him.
I will pay your dues provided you allow a proper discount.
He will be penalized provided that the charges are proved.
Supposing you won a lottery, what would you do?
Read the following sentences:
You cannot succeed unless you work hard.
He will help you if you ask him.
I will pay your dues provided you allow a proper discount.
He will be penalized provided that the charges are proved.
Supposing you won a lottery, what would you do?
6. Place
इन Conjunctions का प्रयोग स्थान के संदर्भ में किया जाता है। इस तरह के मुख्य Conjunctions हैं: where, wherever, whither (to what place), whence (from what place) etc.
Read the following sentences:
I found my purse where I left it.
Let her go wherever she likes to go.
Can you inform me whither she has gone?
He went back whence he came.
Read the following sentences:
I found my purse where I left it.
Let her go wherever she likes to go.
Can you inform me whither she has gone?
He went back whence he came.
Whence का अर्थ from what place होता है, अत whence के साथ from का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
7. Comparison
इन Conjunctions का प्रयोग तुलना के सन्दर्भ में किया जाता है।
Read the following sentences:
He is as strong as your brother.
She is as intelligent as her brother.
He is not so intelligent as her brother,
Read the following sentences:
He is as strong as your brother.
She is as intelligent as her brother.
He is not so intelligent as her brother,
He is not so strong as your brother, As ..... as का प्रयोग likeliness समानता हेतु जबकि so .... as का प्रयोग Negative वाक्यों में unlikeliness हेतु किया जाता है।
8. Concession
इन Conjunctions का प्रयोग रियायत (Concession) के सन्दर्भ में होता है। इस तरह के Conjunctions हैं: Though, although, yet, notwithstanding, however etc.
Read the following sentences:
She is poor yet she is trustworthy.
I shall not meet her though she comes.
Although he is intelligent, he is simple.
I didn't support him, however I didn't oppose him.
He passed the examination notwithstanding he was not fully prepared.
इस तरह के Subordinating Conjunctions एक प्रकार की रियायत के सन्दर्भ में प्रयुक्त होते हैं।
9. Manner
Conjunctions कार्य विधि को स्पष्ट करते हैं। इस तरह के Conunctions है as, as though, so far as etc.
Read the following sentences:
He spoke as if he was drunk.
She was speaking the truth so far I could judge.
He acted upon as he was instructed.
He protested as though he were in opposition.
Read the following sentences:
He spoke as if he was drunk.
She was speaking the truth so far I could judge.
He acted upon as he was instructed.
He protested as though he were in opposition.
इन वाक्यों में Subordinating Conjunctions of Manner का प्रयोग हुआ है।
Alternative Conjunctions
इस तरह के Conjunction द्वारा ऐसे वाक्यों को जोड़ा जाता है जिनमें कोई विकल्प (Alternate) व्यक्त किया जाता है। इस के Conjunctions : or, else, otherwise, either . or, Neither . nor etc.Look at the following sentences :
(a) He should join or he will be terminated.
(b) Ram, move fast else you will be late.
(c) Ram, move fast otherwise you will miss the train.
(d) Either obey the orders or leave the job.
(e) Neither he nor she was present in the party.
उपरोक्त वाक्यों में विकल्प व्यक्त हो रहा है, अत: Alternative Conjunctions का प्रयोग किया गया है।
Adversative Conjunction
ये Conjunctions दो विरोधात्मक वाक्यों को संयुक्त करने हेतु प्रयोग में आते हैं इस तरह के Conjunctions है: however, but, still, yet, only, nevertheless, while etc.Look at the following sentences:
He was not sincere however he got a promotion.
He poor, but he is trustworthy.
He is rich yet he is not honest.
He is rich nevertheless he refused to help him.
He is poor yet he has self-respect.
जब दो वाक्यों में विरोधात्मक तथ्यों अथवा कथनों को व्यक्त किया जाता है, तो ऐसे वाक्यों को Adversative Conjunctions द्वारा संयुक्त किया जा सकता है।
Read the following sentences
Something has broken, for I have heard a splash.
You are in power, so you are respected.
You worked hard, therefore, you secured good marks.
He secured good marks, for he worked hard.
Illative (Inferential) Conjunctions
इस तरह के Conjunction द्वारा ऐसे वाक्यों को संयुक्त किया जाता है जिनमें एक वाक्य दूसरे वाक्य का Inference है, परिणाम है। इस तरह के Conjunctions हैं : for, so, therefore etc.Read the following sentences
Something has broken, for I have heard a splash.
You are in power, so you are respected.
You worked hard, therefore, you secured good marks.
He secured good marks, for he worked hard.
उक्त वाक्यों से स्पष्ट है कि एक वाक्य दूसरे वाक्य का परिणाम है।
Some Important Conjunctions
1. Not only ...... but also:
इससे जोड़े जाने योग्य वाक्य निम्नलिखित दो प्रकार के हो सकते है
(i)
Sita is playing chess.
Sita is watching T.V.
Sita is not only playing chess but also watching T.V.
(ii)
Nisha eats an orange.
Nisha cooks food.
Nisha not only eats an orange but also cooks food.
(iii)
Girls are watching T.V.
Girls are making a noise.
Girls are not only watching T.V. but also making a noise.
सामान्य नियम
ऐसे वाक्यों को Not only.... ...but also से संयुक्त करने हेतु निम्न नियमों का पालन करें:
1. दोनों वाक्यों का जो Common part (समान हिस्सा) है पहले उसे लिखें, फिर not only लिखे। उसके बाद पहले वाक्य का शेष भाग वैसा का वैसा ही दें।
- जब दोनों वाक्यों में कर्ता एक हो। (Same Subject)
- जब दोनों वाक्यों में कर्ता अलग हो। (Different Subjects)
1. जब कर्ता एक हो (When subject is same) :
Look at the following sentences(i)
Sita is playing chess.
Sita is watching T.V.
Sita is not only playing chess but also watching T.V.
(ii)
Nisha eats an orange.
Nisha cooks food.
Nisha not only eats an orange but also cooks food.
(iii)
Girls are watching T.V.
Girls are making a noise.
Girls are not only watching T.V. but also making a noise.
सामान्य नियम
ऐसे वाक्यों को Not only.... ...but also से संयुक्त करने हेतु निम्न नियमों का पालन करें:
1. दोनों वाक्यों का जो Common part (समान हिस्सा) है पहले उसे लिखें, फिर not only लिखे। उसके बाद पहले वाक्य का शेष भाग वैसा का वैसा ही दें।
2. इसके बाद but also लिखकर, दूसरे वाक्य का (Common वाले part को छोड़कर) शेष भाग लिख दे।
वाक्य (1.) को उपरोक्त नियमों के आधार पर जोड़ने पर सबसे पहले दोनों वाक्यों का Common Part Sita is लिखा फिर हमने not only लिखा।
Sita is not only playing chess
इसके बाद but also लिखा।
Sita is not only playing chess but also ...
अब दूसरे भाग का शेष भाग watching T.V. लिखा।
Sita is not only playing chess but also watching TV.
इस प्रकार हमारा वाक्य पूरा हो जाता है।
वाक्य (1.) को उपरोक्त नियमों के आधार पर जोड़ने पर सबसे पहले दोनों वाक्यों का Common Part Sita is लिखा फिर हमने not only लिखा।
Sita is not only playing chess
इसके बाद but also लिखा।
Sita is not only playing chess but also ...
अब दूसरे भाग का शेष भाग watching T.V. लिखा।
Sita is not only playing chess but also watching TV.
इस प्रकार हमारा वाक्य पूरा हो जाता है।
2. जब कता अलग-अलग हों (When subjects are different):
Look at the following sentences:(i)
Hina is watching T.V.
Sheela is watching T.V.
Not only Hina but also Sheela is watching TV.
(ii)
Ram will play football.
Shyam will play football.
Not only Ram but also Shyam will play football.
(iii)
The teacher is talking.
The girls are talking.
Not only the teacher but also the girls are talking.
सामान्य नियम
(1) जब Subject अलग है तो सबसे पहले Not only लिखकर वाक्य शुरू करे फिर पहले वाक्य का Subject लिखें उसके बाद but also लिखे एवं दूसरे वाक्य का Subject लिखे
(2) उसके बाद दोनों वाक्यों का Common part लिखें।
(3) but also के बाद जो verb लगेगी वह उसके पास वाले Subject के अनुसार लगेगी, यदि not only के पास वाला Subject plural है तो verb , plural लगेगी एवं यदि Subject singuiar है तो verb भी singular ही लगेगी। जैसा कि वाक्य (1) से स्पष्ट है।
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