Conjunctions | Important Points about Specific Conjunctions

"The correct correlatives are 'either ... or', and 'neither.........nor'."

Important Points about Specific Conjunctions

Important-Points-about-Specific-Conjunctions

 1.  Neither ... nor ... nor ... nor And Either ... or ... or ... or:

कुछ विद्वानों का मत है कि Neither ... nor ... nor ... nor एवं Either ... or ... or ... or का प्रयोग करना इनके मतानुसार उचित नहीं हैं। इस सन्दर्भ में Mr. Vallins ने लिखा है की "The correct correlatives are 'either ... or', and 'neither.........nor'." Strictly speaking, we should not add another 'or' or 'nor' since either and neither imply two and two only. लेकिन अन्य विद्वानों; जैसे: Mr T.S. Eliot, Jefferson, Fowler, H Walker के अनुसार Neither ... nor, Either ... or के साथ 'nor' एवं 'or' add किए जा सकते हैं।

Look at the following sentences:
(a)
Either from the moralist's point of view, or from the theologian's point of view or from the psychologist's point of view or from that of the political philosopher, or judging by the ordinary standards of likeableness in human beings, Milton is unsatisfactory. 
T.S. Eliot.
(b) Neither the brilliancy of Hazlitt, nor the harmony of De Quincey, nor the vigor of Macaulay. nor the eloquence of Ruskin, nor the purity of Goldsmith could for a moment be thought capable of expressing the meaning of lamb. 
H. Walker.

अत: 'Neither ... nor ... or ... nor ...' एवं 'Either ... or ... or ... or' का नियम सही एवं मान्य है।

  2.  No/Not/Never ... or 

यदि किसी वाक्य में no/not/never आए या उसके बाद कोई Alternative conjuctions लगाना हो तो 'or' का प्रयोग होगा, 'nor' का नहीं। 
Look at the following sentences:
I have no chair or stool. 
She does not speak or weep.
I have never read about her or heard of her. 
He did not say or write anything.

  3.  The use of  'That'

(A) That का प्रयोग Direct narration में नहीं किया जाता है। हमेशा Indirect narration में इसका प्रयोग होता है
He said to me, "That I will go there." (Incorrect)
He told me that he would go there. (Correct)

(B) Indirect narration में 'that' के बाद आने वाले वाक्य का tense, reporting verb यदि past में है तो ही होगा। वाक्य में आए pronoun भी आवश्यकतानुसार बदले जाते हैं। इस सम्बन्ध में Reported speech के अध्याय में विस्तार से बताया गया है।

(C) Imperative/Optative/Interrogative/Exclamatory वाक्यों में that का प्रयोग Conjunction के रूप में नहीं किया जाता है। इस सम्बन्ध में भी Reported speech के अध्याय में विस्तृत रूप से बताया गया है।
He said that close the door. (Income)
He said that may grant you success. (Income)
He said that how beautiful the girl was. (Income)
He said that where were you going. (Income)
(इस सम्बन्ध में Reported speech के अध्याय को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ें।)

(D) कुछ verbs के साथ 'that' का प्रयोग करना आवश्यक है। (that का लोप कर देना गलत माना गया है।) ऐसी verbs हैं: Agree, assert, avert, assume, hold, calculate, conceive, learn, maintain, state, reckon, suggest, understand. 
I agree your proposal is very good. (Income)
I agree that your proposal is very good. (Correct)
He asserted he could do that. (Income)
He asserted that he could do that. (Correct)
He suggested we should go there. (Income)
He suggested that we should go there. (Correct)

(E) कुछ verbs जैसे: Believe, hope, suppose, think, presume, afraid of के बाद 'that' को छिपाना, अच्छो अंग्रेजी लिखने हेतु आजकल उचित माना जाने लगा है।
I hope, he is right. 
I suppose you have a good dictionary.
We presume you are innocent. 
I think he will come.

(F) 'That' v/s 'Whether': Whether का प्रयोग Choice वाले वाक्यों में किया जाता है। 'Whether' के प्रयोग वाले वाक्यों में 'or not' का प्रयोग, Choice को व्यक्त करता है।
I don't know whether she will go there or not. 
He doesn't know whether he will pass or not.

इस तरह के वाक्यों में whether की जगह that का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।

 4.  However/But 

However के साथ कभी भी but का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है या तो वाक्य में but का प्रयोग होता है या however का।
Read the following sentences:
But his behavior, however, has not changed. (Incorrect)
His behavior however has not changed. (Correct)
But that, however, is not repairable. (Incorrect)
But that is not repairable. (Correct)

 5.  Though, although and even though

Though/although के साथ कभी भी but का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है या तो yet का प्रयोग किया जाता है या नहीं किया जाता है।
Though, although and even though are used to show a contrast between two clauses:
Our new neighbors are quite nice (this is good) though their two dogs bark all day long. (this isn't good)
We can use though or although with no difference in meaning. But, some differences are: 
Though is more common than although in conversation or writing.
Though (but not although) can come at the end of a sentence: 
My new bike is really fast. I don't like the color, though.
Though (but not although) can also be used as an adverb:
I'm not good at reasoning but I can help you with your Geography, though, if you want.
The meaning of though is similar to, however, but though is much more common than however in conversation.

Even though can be used to make the contrast between two clauses stronger: My father got back from work really late, even though he had promised to take mum to the cinema.
Although he is poor, yet he is honest.
Though he is poor, he is honest.

 6.  Until/Unless

Until का प्रयोग समय के सन्दर्भ में होता है, जबकि Unless का प्रयोग condition (शर्त) के सन्दर्भ में।
Read the following sentences:
(a) I will stay here until you return. 
(b) He will wait until the train arrives.
(c) He can't succeed unless he works hard. 
(d) You cannot achieve your goal unless you try for that.

ध्यान दे
वाक्य (a) एवं (b) में Unless का प्रयोग एवं वाक्य (c) एवं (d) में Until का प्रयोग गलत होगा।

 7.  When and while

When का अर्थ होता है 'जब' While का अर्थ होता है 'जबकि' I When का प्रयोग उस स्थिति में किया जाता है जब एक कार्य पूर्ण हो जाता है।

While का प्रयोग उस स्थिति में किया जाता है जब दो कार्य साथ-साथ हो रहे होते हैं। छात्रों को इस अन्तर को अच्छी तरह समझना चाहिए। प्रायः छात्र When/While का गलत प्रयोग करते है।
Look at the following sentences: 
When he came here, she was going to the market.
I saw a monkey when I woke up. 
He was reading while I was playing. 
She was watching T.V. while I was cooking.

 8.  As if / As though

As if  एवं As though का अर्थ होता है, suppose अर्थात् 'मान लीजिए', इनका प्रयोग करते समय इस बिंदु का ध्यान रखें कि इसके बाद Past conditional का ही प्रयोग होगा, Present form का नहीं। Would/could/did/ was/were/had gone/knew का प्रयोग हो सकता है, लेकिन will/can/do/does/is/have gone/know का प्रयोग नहीं हो सकता। 
Look at the following sentences:
(a) He behaves as if he were a king.
(b) She orders as though she were the boss.
(c) They asked us for arranging tea and breakfast as if they were our invitees. 

 9.  Because, as and since

'Because', 'As' and 'Since' are used to answer the question: 'Why?'

(i) They join two clauses in the same sentence:
(a) I lost my job because I was often late.
(b) Ram resigned because he wanted to spend more time with his family. 

(ii) 'Because', 'As' and 'Since' show the relationship between the two clauses
(a) Why did you resign from such a well-paid job, Ram? 
(b) Because I wanted to spend more time with my family.

'Because' is more common than 'As' and 'Since' when the 'reason' is the most important thing. The because-clause usually placed after the main clause:

I went to Chennai for a holiday last October because I knew it would be warm and sunny every day I was there.
'As' and 'Since' are used when the reason is already well-known and/or less important. The 'As' or 'Since' clause often comes at the beginning of the sentence and is separated from the main clause by a comma: 

(a) As my family had finished dinner when I got home, I went to this really good beer bar. (I'm telling you about the beer bar. It's not so important 'why' I went there.) 

(b) Since it's your birthday, I'll make you breakfast in bed. (I'm going to make you breakfast) (I know, and you know, it's your birthday.)

Since I have no money, I can't go to the movie.

parts-of-speech-complete-list

Founder, This blog gathers valuable resources, reviews, and guides to help you explore the world of knowledge. Whether you're a student, educator, or book lover, you'll find engaging and informative articles to enhance your learning journey. Stay connected for the latest updates in education and literature!