The Verbs: Causative Verbs | Inchoative Verbs

For example :
Yesterday I had my hair cut.

 1.  I didn't cut my own hair, but I made someone else do it for me instead I "caused" them to cut my hair. Read the following sentences
I made her sing a song.
I made him polish my shoes.
I got my clothes washed by him.
I got my thesis written by him.

 2.  इन वाक्यों में कर्ता स्वयं कार्य नहीं करता है। बल्कि वह अन्य से कार्य करवाता है। कार्य अन्य से करवाने हेतु जो verbs प्रयुक्त होती हैं वे causative verbs कहलाती है। इस तरह की verbs, get, make, have, keep etc. हैं। 

जैसे:
I made him laugh.
I made him write a letter.
He made me polish his shoes.
I kept her waiting.
He keeps me away from the office.
I shall make him complete the project today.

 3.  Active voice में सामान्य रूप से make, keep का प्रयोग किया जाता है तथा Passive voice में have, get का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे : 

I got my shoes polished by him.
I got my car repaired by the mechanic.
I got my clothes washed by her.
I had a song sung by her.
I had the thesis written by him.
I had my clothes washed by her.
I shall get the project completed by him today.

सामान्यतया get का प्रयोग विनम्रता, अनुरोध को व्यक्त करता है एवं make, have का प्रयोग बाध्यता, दबाव, विवशता के सन्दर्भ में होता है।

LET

Let can be used as a causative verb.
Let means a person gives permission for another person to do it.
See the following examples:
I can let this car cool.
Would you let me join your party?

Help

Help can also be used as a causative. It means a person assists another person to do it.
See the following examples:
I helped her to pack the luggage.
Would you help me deliver this box?
The most common error with causatives is using 'to' unnecessarily. For example:
We made Jack to finish his supper. Incorrect
We made Jack finish his supper. Correct

I let Jim to clean up the mess. Incorrect
I let Jim clean up the mess. Correct

Linking Verbs or Notional Verbs

जब Auxiliary (helping) verbs किसी वाक्य में मुख्य verb को support नहीं करते हैं बल्कि मुख्य verb होते हैं तो उस स्थिति में इन्हें linking verb या Notional verbs कहा जाता है। जैसे:

I have a book and a pencil.
She is a beautiful girl.
He has a table made of wood.
You do your work now.
She was sad.
You were happy.
He is my elder brother.
He is a poor fellow,

इस तरह की मुख्य Verbs हैं Get, Become, Grow, etc.
My father is getting weaker.
He has become the richest man in the town.
It is growing dark.
It is getting dark.

इस तरह की अन्य verbs है: come, go, turn, fall, run, wear.
The paper of the book turn yellow.
Will his dream come true?
Ram soon fell asleep.
The carpet is wearing thin.
The supply of water is running low nowadays.

Get: Inchoative verb

Get का प्रयोग सर्वाधिक किया जाता है। Get का प्रयोग अधिकांश Continuous form में होता है। Get का प्रयोग निम्न structure में Adjective की Positive एवं Comparative degree के साथ तथा Participles के साथ किया जाता है। जैसे:
Sugar is getting scarcer.
It is getting dark.
He is getting weaker.
She is getting older.
Ramesh often gets quarrelsome when he's been drinking.

Get का प्रयोग Continuous form become के अर्थ में होता है। Past tense में (get का past got) यह किसी action की final stage को व्यक्त करता है।
He is getting to be (= becoming) a good pianist.
He got to be (become) my best friend.
They got to words and then to blows (i.e., began) arguing and then fighting.

Get का प्रयोग कई phrases जैसे: get rid of, get clear of, get out of में सामान्यतया प्रचलन में है।

Become: Inchoative verb

Get की भाँति become का प्रयोग काफी प्रचलित है। Become का प्रयोग Adjective की Positive Comparative degree के साथ तथा Participle के साथ निम्न sentence structure में किया जाता है।
How did you become acquainted with her?
He became suspicious.
The leaves became red in autumn.
The child became pale and thin.

Become का प्रयोग Noun के साथ भी होता है।
(a) On leaving school she became an actress
(b) He soon became the richest man in the town.
(c) Are you likely ever to become a principal.

Grow: Inchoative verb

Grow का प्रयोग भी get एवं become की तरह Adjective की positive एवं comparative degree के साथ तथा participle के साथ निम्न sentence structure में किया जाता है। जैसे:
Time is growing short. (Time is getting short.)
It is growing dark. (or It is getting dark or It is becoming dark.)
The sea is growing calm.
The child is growing thinner. (The child is getting thinner.)
He is growing more and more like his father.

Come: Inchoative verb

Come का प्रयोग adjective की positive एवं comparative degree के साथ तथा past participle का 'un' form (undone, unstitched, untied etc) के साथ किया जाता है। Past participle के साथ come का प्रयोग unsatisfactory or undesirable position को बताता है। जैसे:
My dreams have come true.
The hinge has come loose.
The knot came untied.
My shoelaces have come undone.
The seam came unstitched.

Come का प्रयोग infinitive to के साथ निम्न प्रकार होता है:
How did she come to hear the news.
When I came to know them better...
Nowadays the streets have come to be used as parking places for cars.
She came to believe that......

Go: Inchoative verb

Go का प्रयोग adjective के साथ एक निश्चित परिवर्तन को व्यक्त करता है जैसे:
His hair has gone white.
He went mad.
She is going bald.
Her cheeks went a very pretty pink.
My telephone has gone dead.
The milk went sour.

Go का प्रयोग कुछ prepositional phrases जैसे: go to bed, go to pieces में सामान्यतया प्रचलन में है।
They started to go off the idea. (Go off-not like)
He went to sleep. (fell asleep)
She nearly went to pieces when her father died. (Fell to pieces -lost her control)

Turn: Inchoative verb

Turn का प्रयोग adjective की positive एवं comparative degree के साथ निम्न structure में होता है। 

The weather has turned much colder.
The oranges are turning red.
The ink turns black when it dries.

Turn का प्रयोग nouns के साथ किया जाता है। ऐसी स्थिति में noun के साथ indefinite article का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे:
I believe you'll never turn traitor.
Is it wise for a great general to turn a politician?
When her servant left, she had to turn cook. (become a cook for the household)

Run: Inchoative verb 

Run का प्रयोग Adjectives, dry, low एवं short के साथ किया जाता है जो कि परिवर्तन को व्यक्त करता है। जैसे:
The well has run dry. (No water)
The cows are running dry. (not giving milk)
Supplies are running short/low.

Fall: Inchoative verb 

का प्रयोग adjective का positive degree के साथ ही होता है। Comparative degree के साथ नहीं होता है। जैसे:
He fell sick/ill.
When do the taxes fall due?
The post of manager fell vacant.
She soon fell asleep.

Fall का प्रयोग prepositional phrases जैसे: fall out of favor, fall behind the time, fall to pieces में भी प्रचलन में है।