Rules of Adjectives
जब किसी वस्तु का Comparison किया जाता है तो Compare करते समय उस वस्तु को Exclude करना चाहिए। जैसे:
Iron is harder than any metal.
Rules: Adjectives
Rule 1
जब किसी वस्तु का Comparison किया जाता है तो Compare करते समय उस वस्तु को Exclude करना चाहिए। जैसे:
(a) Iron is harder than any metal.
इस वाक्य का अर्थ है कि Iron किसी भी metal से अधिक hard है। किसी भी metal में Iron भी सम्मिलित है।
(a) Iron is harder than any metal.
इस वाक्य का अर्थ है कि Iron किसी भी metal से अधिक hard है। किसी भी metal में Iron भी सम्मिलित है।
अतः इस वाक्य को निम्न प्रकार लिखा जाना चाहिए:
Iron is harder than any other metal.
Iron is harder than any other metal.
(b) This building is larger than any building in the town. (Incorrect)
This building is larger than any other building in the town. (Correct)
(c) He is more intelligent than any student of his class. (Incorrect)
He is more intelligent than any other student in his class. (Correct)
(d) Ram is stronger than all students. (Incorrect)
Ram is stronger than any other student. (Correct)
Rule 2
This building is larger than any other building in the town. (Correct)
(c) He is more intelligent than any student of his class. (Incorrect)
He is more intelligent than any other student in his class. (Correct)
(d) Ram is stronger than all students. (Incorrect)
Ram is stronger than any other student. (Correct)
Rule 2
एक वाक्य में दो Comparative Adjectives का एक साथ प्रयोग करना गलत है। जैसे :
(a) He is more wiser than you. (Incorrect)
He is wiser than you. (Correct)
(b) I am comparatively better today. (Incorrect)
I am better today. (Correct)
I am comparatively well today. (Correct)
(c) I didn't find a more costlier gift. (Incorrect)
I didn't find a more costly gift. (Correct)
(a) He is more wiser than you. (Incorrect)
He is wiser than you. (Correct)
(b) I am comparatively better today. (Incorrect)
I am better today. (Correct)
I am comparatively well today. (Correct)
(c) I didn't find a more costlier gift. (Incorrect)
I didn't find a more costly gift. (Correct)
यदि एक Adjective Comparative Degree में है तो उसके साथ Positive Degree का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 'Comparatively' शब्द के साथ भी Comparative Degree के Adjective का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए।
NOTE |
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Comparative से पहले Rather का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है: She is rather better today. लेकिन ऐसे वाक्यों में fairly का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए।\ She is fairly better today यह गलत है। |
Rule 3
कुछ Adjectives जैसे: Senior, Junior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior, Anterior, इत्यादि के साथ Preposition 'to' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। इनके साथ More या Less का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। ये सभी Adjectives, Latin भाषा से ग्रहण किए गए हैं। Elder, prefer एवं preferable के साथ भी 'to' का ही प्रयोग होता है। जैसे:
(a) He is superior to me.
(b) She is junior to me.
(c) Ram is senior to Shyam.
(d) He came prior to me.
(a) He is superior to me.
(b) She is junior to me.
(c) Ram is senior to Shyam.
(d) He came prior to me.
NOTE |
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Major, Minor, Exterior, Interior, Outer, Lower, Ulterior, Upper, Former, Inner इत्यादि शब्द दिखने में Comparative Degree Adjectives लगते हैं। ये Comparative degree नहीं हैं। इनका प्रयोग Comparison हेतु नहीं किया जा सकता। |
जब एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु की दो Qualities की तुलना की जाती है तो 'er' से बने Comparative Adjective का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए बल्कि More का प्रयोग करना चाहिए। जैसे:
(a) Ram is more strong than intelligent. (यहाँ stronger का प्रयोग गलत होगा)
(b) She is more clever than intelligent. (यहाँ cleverer का प्रयोग गलत होगा)
Rule 5
(a) Ram is more strong than intelligent. (यहाँ stronger का प्रयोग गलत होगा)
(b) She is more clever than intelligent. (यहाँ cleverer का प्रयोग गलत होगा)
Rule 5
Superlative Adjective से पूर्व 'the' का प्रयोग होता है। लेकिन Superlative Adjective से पूर्व कोई Possessive pronoun का प्रयोग हुआ हो तो इससे पहले 'the' का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। जैसे:
(a) She is the best student in our college.
(b) She is the most beautiful girl in our college.
(c) She is my best friend.
(d) This is his best dress.
Rule 6
(a) She is the best student in our college.
(b) She is the most beautiful girl in our college.
(c) She is my best friend.
(d) This is his best dress.
Rule 6
जब दो वस्तुओं का Comparison किया जाता है तो वाक्य से उन वस्तुओं का ही Comparison स्पष्ट होना चाहिए। कई बार Comparison करते समय निम्न प्रकार की गलती की जाती है:
(a) The climate of Prayagraj is hotter than Jaipur. (Incorrect)
The climate of Prayagraj is hotter than that of Jaipur. (Correct)
(b) My shoes are better than you. (Incorrect)
My shoes are better than yours or your shoes. (Correct)
Rule 7
(a) The climate of Prayagraj is hotter than Jaipur. (Incorrect)
The climate of Prayagraj is hotter than that of Jaipur. (Correct)
(b) My shoes are better than you. (Incorrect)
My shoes are better than yours or your shoes. (Correct)
Rule 7
Comparative Degree का प्रयोग, दो वस्तुओं या व्यक्तियों हेतु किया जाता है। दो से अधिक के लिए Comparative Degree का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए। जैसे:
(a) Which is better, Tea, coffee or milk? (Incorrect)
(b) Which is easier, Physics, Chemistry or Maths? (Correct)
Rule 8
(a) Which is better, Tea, coffee or milk? (Incorrect)
(b) Which is easier, Physics, Chemistry or Maths? (Correct)
Rule 8
दो वस्तुओं की तुलना हेतु Superlative Degree का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है। जैसे:
(a) He is the best of the two students.
(b) Which is the cheapest: silver or gold?
Rule 9
(a) He is the best of the two students.
(b) Which is the cheapest: silver or gold?
Rule 9
वाक्य में दो Superlative का प्रयोग एक साथ किया जाना गलत है। जैसे:
(a) He is the most strongest of all. (Incorrect)
He is the strongest of all. (Correct)
(b) The river is the most longest of all. (Incorrect)
The river is the longest of all. (Correct)
Rule 10
(a) He is the most strongest of all. (Incorrect)
He is the strongest of all. (Correct)
(b) The river is the most longest of all. (Incorrect)
The river is the longest of all. (Correct)
Rule 10
Superlative के साथ other or else का प्रयोग करना भी गलत है। जैसे:
(a) She is the most beautiful of all girls. (not all other girls)
(b) He is the strongest of all students. (not all other students)
Rule 11
(a) She is the most beautiful of all girls. (not all other girls)
(b) He is the strongest of all students. (not all other students)
Rule 11
Superlative के साथ सामान्यतया 'of' का प्रयोग किया जाता है. लेकिन जब स्थान (place) कर सन्दर्भ हो तो 'in' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे:
(a) Kolkata is the dirtiest city in India.
(b) Udaipur is the most beautiful city in Rajasthan.
Rule 12
(a) Kolkata is the dirtiest city in India.
(b) Udaipur is the most beautiful city in Rajasthan.
Rule 12
कई वाक्यों में 'a most' का प्रयोग Very के अर्थ में किया जाता है। जैसे:
(a) This is a most interesting book. (in the library)
(b) She is a most beautiful girl. (in the school)
(a) This is a most interesting book. (in the library)
(b) She is a most beautiful girl. (in the school)
ऐसे वाक्यों में Superlative की तरह in the library, or in the school का प्रयोग नहीं होगा।
Rule 13
Rule 13
Superlative Degree, Best एवं Most के साथ कई बार Like का प्रयोग निम्न तरह से किया जाता है। यह सही प्रयोग है. इनमे Superlative से पहले 'the' का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है। जैसे:
(a) Which of the story do you like most?
(b) Which of the magazine do like best?
(a) Which of the story do you like most?
(b) Which of the magazine do like best?
Rule 14
जब एक से अधिक Adjectives को and से जोड़ा जाता है तो सभी Adjectives एक ही Degree में होने चाहिए। या तो सब Comparative में हो या सब Superlative में होने चाहिए। जैसे:
(a) Ram is wiser and stronger than Shyam. (Correct)
(b) Ram is wise and stronger than Shyam. (Incorrect)
Rule 15
(a) Ram is wiser and stronger than Shyam. (Correct)
(b) Ram is wise and stronger than Shyam. (Incorrect)
Rule 15
कई Adjectives अपने Meaning के कारण न तो comparative की तरह प्रयोग किये जा सकते हैं न ही Superlative की अन्य Degree के साथ। इनके साथ Very या अन्य कोई Adverb, इनको Emphasise करने के लिए प्रयुक्त नहीं किया जा सकता है। ऐसे Adjectives निम्न हैं:
Absolute, Perfect, Full, Complete, Entire, Whole, Chief, Extreme, Unique, Universal, Circular, Square, Round, Ideal, Flat, Impossible etc.
यद्यपि आजकल कुछ लेखक Full, Fuller, Fullest एवं Perfect, More Perfect एवं Most Perfect तथा Most Impossible एवं Most Universal का प्रयोग करने लगे हैं। शेष Adjective का इस तरह प्रयोग नहीं किया गया है।
Rule 16
Kind एवं Sort, Singular Number होते हैं। इनके साथ This या That का प्रयोग होता है। इनके साथ These या Those का प्रयोग करना गलत है। जैसे:
(a) I don't like this kind of dresses.
(b) He doesn't like that kind of shirts.
(c) I don't like these kinds of shirts. (Incorrect)
(d) I don't like those kind of shirts. (Incorrect)
Rule 17
(a) I don't like this kind of dresses.
(b) He doesn't like that kind of shirts.
(c) I don't like these kinds of shirts. (Incorrect)
(d) I don't like those kind of shirts. (Incorrect)
Rule 17
One of............. If not........... Superlative कुछ वाक्यों का Structure इस तरह का होता है। जैसे:
(a) He is one of the greatest writers, if not the greatest writer.
(b) This is one of the largest buildings, if not the largest in the world.
(c) This is one of the longest rivers, if not the longest in the world.
(a) He is one of the greatest writers, if not the greatest writer.
(b) This is one of the largest buildings, if not the largest in the world.
(c) This is one of the longest rivers, if not the longest in the world.
ध्यान रखे |
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इस तरह के वाक्यों में one of the superlative के बाद plural noun प्रयुक्त होती है तथा if not the superlatives के बाद singular noun प्रयुक्त होती है। साधारणतया ऐसे वाक्यों में if not the superlative के बाद noun को नहीं लिखा जाता है। |
Rule 18
One of the superlative................ among:
निम्न वाक्यों पर ध्यान दें।
(a) He is one of the best students in our school.
(b) He is one of the best sportsmen of all.
यहाँ Onc of the + superlative के बाद आने वाला Noun Plural में होगा। यह एक महत्त्वपूर्ण तथ्य है।
Rule 19
निम्न वाक्यों पर ध्यान दें।
(a) He is one of the best students in our school.
(b) He is one of the best sportsmen of all.
यहाँ Onc of the + superlative के बाद आने वाला Noun Plural में होगा। यह एक महत्त्वपूर्ण तथ्य है।
Rule 19
कुछ वाक्य ऐसे होते हैं जिनमें Adjective को Comparative Degree का प्रयोग दोनों भागों में निम्न प्रकार से होता है।
(a) The more she gets, the more she demands.
(b) The richer a man is, the larger house he owns.
(a) The more she gets, the more she demands.
(b) The richer a man is, the larger house he owns.
कुछ वाक्यों का structure इस तरह का होता है, Comparative + and + comparative.
(a) He is getting richer and richer.
(b) The weather is getting cooler and cooler.
ऐसे वाक्यों में comparative से पूर्व 'the' का प्रयोग नहीं होता है।
Rule 21
(a) He is getting richer and richer.
(b) The weather is getting cooler and cooler.
ऐसे वाक्यों में comparative से पूर्व 'the' का प्रयोग नहीं होता है।
Rule 21
कुछ वाक्यों का structure निम्न प्रकार का होता है
(a) She runs as fast as, if not faster than Shyam.
(b) He is as good as if not better than you.
(c) The house is as large as if not larger than that.
(a) She runs as fast as, if not faster than Shyam.
(b) He is as good as if not better than you.
(c) The house is as large as if not larger than that.
ध्यान रखे |
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ऐसे वाक्यों में as........as (दोनों बार as) का प्रयोग होता है तथा दूसरे भाग में Comparative degree का प्रयोग होता है। |
Rule 22
Comparative को और महत्त्व (Emphatic) देने हेतु Much/ Far/By For/ Far And Away /Still का प्रयोग निम्न प्रकार किया जाता है
(a) Ram is much wiser than Shyam.
(b) This magazine is far better than that.
(c) The book is better by far.
(d) This magazine is still better.
(a) Ram is much wiser than Shyam.
(b) This magazine is far better than that.
(c) The book is better by far.
(d) This magazine is still better.
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