Some Important Adverbs
Too, Much/Very, Very much/much, Too much/Much too/Only too, Since/Ever Since, Presently/Just now, Late/Lately, Hard/Hardly, Most/Mostly, etc.
Some Important Adverbs
Too, Much/Very, Very much/much, Too much/Much too/Only too, Since/Ever Since, Presently/Just now, Late/Lately, Hard/Hardly, Most/Mostly, Before/Ago, No/Not/So, Still/Yet/Already, There, Fairly Rather, Just, Early/Soon/Quickly, Seldom or Never/Seldom if ever.1. Too
इसका अर्थ होता है, More than enough अर्थात् excess (अतिशय)। Too का प्रयोग very के अर्थ में करना गलत है। Very का अर्थ होता है बहुत, जबकि Too का अर्थ होता है excess (अतिशय)। यदि हम किसी मित्र को देखकर यह कहें I am too glad to meet you. तो इसका अर्थ होगा कि "मैं आपसे मिलकर इतना खुश हूँ जितना नहीं होना चाहिए।"
(i) Too + infinitive: Too के बाद 'to infinitive का प्रयोग एक negativity व्यक्त करता है। जैसे:
He is too weak to walk. (वह इतना अधिक कमजोर है कि चल नहीं सकता।)
She is too poor to pay her fee. (वह इतनी गरीब है कि अपनी फीस जमा नहीं करा सकती।)
(ii) Too का प्रयोग भी के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे:
He too went to America.
He lost his bag and books too.
(iii) Too का निम्न प्रयोग करना भी उचित है। यहाँ too का अर्थ अत्यधिक से हैं; जैसे:
You are too weak in English.
He is too poor.
She is too ugly.
Ram is too dull.
Ram is much stronger than Rahim.
She is much more beautiful than Sarla.
Ram is a very strong man.
Sarla is a very intelligent girl.
(ii) Very much का प्रयोग Comparative degree से पूर्व किया जाता है। जैसे:
He is very much stronger than Sonu.
Suresh is very much cleverer than Shalu.
(ii) जब Superlative degree के साथ much का प्रयोग किया जाता है। तो यह the के पहले आता है, जबकि very का प्रयोग the के साथ तथा superlative के पहले होगा जैसे:
Nisha is much the best girl in the college.
Rahul is much the best sportsman in the town.
Nisha is the very best girl in the college.
Rahul is the very best sportsman in the town.
He is too weak to walk. (वह इतना अधिक कमजोर है कि चल नहीं सकता।)
She is too poor to pay her fee. (वह इतनी गरीब है कि अपनी फीस जमा नहीं करा सकती।)
(ii) Too का प्रयोग भी के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे:
He too went to America.
He lost his bag and books too.
(iii) Too का निम्न प्रयोग करना भी उचित है। यहाँ too का अर्थ अत्यधिक से हैं; जैसे:
You are too weak in English.
He is too poor.
She is too ugly.
Ram is too dull.
2. Much / Very
(ii) Much का प्रयोग Comparative degree के Adverb या Adjective के पहले किया जाता है। जबकि very का प्रयोग Positive degree है। जैसेःRam is much stronger than Rahim.
She is much more beautiful than Sarla.
Ram is a very strong man.
Sarla is a very intelligent girl.
(ii) Very much का प्रयोग Comparative degree से पूर्व किया जाता है। जैसे:
He is very much stronger than Sonu.
Suresh is very much cleverer than Shalu.
(ii) जब Superlative degree के साथ much का प्रयोग किया जाता है। तो यह the के पहले आता है, जबकि very का प्रयोग the के साथ तथा superlative के पहले होगा जैसे:
Nisha is much the best girl in the college.
Rahul is much the best sportsman in the town.
Nisha is the very best girl in the college.
Rahul is the very best sportsman in the town.
(iv) Much एवं very में एक महत्वपूर्ण अन्तर यह है कि much का प्रयोग past participle या verb के साथ होता है, जबकि very का प्रयोग present participle के साथ किया जाता है। जैसे:
He was much shocked. (Past Participle)
She was much surprised. (Past Participle)
The news is very interesting. (Present Participle)
The situation was very distressing. (Present Participle)
She talks much. (He talks very-यह गलत है)
He boasts much. (He boasts very-यह गलत है)
(v) कुछ phrases में past participle के साथ very का स्वत: ही प्रयोग होता है। जैसेः very pleased, very tired, very dejected etc.
He boasts much. (He boasts very-यह गलत है)
(v) कुछ phrases में past participle के साथ very का स्वत: ही प्रयोग होता है। जैसेः very pleased, very tired, very dejected etc.
3. Very Much/Much
सकारात्मक वाक्यों (Affirmative sentences) में very much का प्रयोग किया जाता है जबकि negative sentences में much का ही प्रयोग होता है। जैसे:
I like her very much.
I don't like her much.
She works very much.
She doesn't work much.
I like her very much.
I don't like her much.
She works very much.
She doesn't work much.
4. Too much/Much too/Only too
Too much या much too दोनों का अर्थ समान है। Too much के प्रयोग के बाद noun का प्रयोग होता है एवं much too के प्रयोग के बाद Adjective या Participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है। दोनों का अर्थ excess, more than limits, इतना ज्यादा जितना नहीं होना चाहिए। जैसे:
His behavior gave me too much pain. (Noun)
His behavior was much too painful. (Adjective)
His behavior gave me too much pain. (Noun)
His behavior was much too painful. (Adjective)
Only Too
Only too का अर्थ होता है बहुत (very) इसका प्रयोग very के अर्थ में किया जा सकता है
He will be only too happy to meet you.
Means = He will be very happy to meet you.
ध्यान रखे :
Only too का अर्थ too से पूर्णतया अलग है।
Means = He will be very happy to meet you.
ध्यान रखे :
Only too का अर्थ too से पूर्णतया अलग है।
5. Since/Ever since
Since का प्रयोग perfect tense में किया जाता है इसका अर्थ होता है: जब से, तब से I have been playing football since 7 O'clock.
कभी-कभी वाक्य में since का प्रयोग अन्त में किया जाता है एवं इससे पूर्व ever का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Ever since का अर्थ होता है, तब से जैसे:
I first met her three years ago and have remembered her face ever since.
I saw her five years ago and had been trying to meet her ever since.
I first met her three years ago and have remembered her face ever since.
I saw her five years ago and had been trying to meet her ever since.
6. Presently/Just now
Persently का अर्थ at present (इस समय ) के लिए एवं शीघ्र (soon) ही future में होने वाले कार्य के लिए किया जाता है। Just now का प्रयोग वर्तमान में पूर्ण होने वाले कार्य (Present Perfect) हेतु किया जाता है। जैसे:
I am presently busy.
I shall discuss the matter presently.
I shall go presently.
He has arrived just now.
have completed my work just now.
She has gone out just now.
I am presently busy.
I shall discuss the matter presently.
I shall go presently.
He has arrived just now.
have completed my work just now.
She has gone out just now.
Just now का अर्थ a moment ago भी होता है। इस अर्थ में इसका प्रयोग Past Tense में किया जाता है। जैसे:
Did you hear a noise just now?
She rang up just now.
Did you hear a noise just now?
She rang up just now.
7. Late / Lately
Late का अर्थ है देरी से, जबकि Lately का अर्थ होता है: 'अभी' (Recently). जैसे:
He came late today.
He has come lately. Recently
She has finished her work lately.
You are late.
He came late today.
He has come lately. Recently
She has finished her work lately.
You are late.
Lately का प्रयोग present perfect में होता है, क्योंकि यह वर्तमान में पूर्ण होने वाले कार्य को व्यक्त करता है ।
8. Hard/Hardly
Hard का अर्थ होता है कठिन, जबकि Hardly का अर्थ Negative में नहीं से लिया जाता है। जैसे:
He works hard. (वह कड़ी मेहनत करता है।)
He hardly works. (वह लगभग कार्य नहीं करता है।)
He works hard. (वह कड़ी मेहनत करता है।)
He hardly works. (वह लगभग कार्य नहीं करता है।)
9. Most/Mostly
Most का अर्थ है सबसे अधिक, जबकि Mostly का अर्थ है, अधिकांश भाग। जैसे:
He is the most intelligent student of all.
The candidates were mostly from rural areas.
The audience consisted mostly of girls.
He is the most intelligent student of all.
The candidates were mostly from rural areas.
The audience consisted mostly of girls.
10. Before/Ago
Before/Agoदोनों का अर्थ है पहले। Before का प्रयोग Past या Present Perfect के साथ हो सकता है, जबकि Ago का प्रयोग Present Perfect के साथ नहीं हो सकता है। जैसे:
I have never before seen such a beautiful lady.
I have visited this place before.
I came here two days ago.
He Died three days ago.
He has arrived ten minutes ago. (Incorrect)
(Present perfect के साथ Ago का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।)
I have never before seen such a beautiful lady.
I have visited this place before.
I came here two days ago.
He Died three days ago.
He has arrived ten minutes ago. (Incorrect)
(Present perfect के साथ Ago का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।)
11. No/Not/So
Not का प्रयोग Auxiliary के बाद किया जाता है जबकि No का प्रयोग Noun से पूर्व किया जाता है। जैसे:
I have no pen.
I haven't a pen.
He has no idea.
He does not have any idea.
I have no pen.
I haven't a pen.
He has no idea.
He does not have any idea.
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A. कुछ verbs जैसे believe, think expect. suppose, afraid के साथ not का प्रयोग निम्न प्रकार भी हो सकता है Will she cooperate with you? I believe not. Can you help me? I'm afraid not. Does she like you? I think not. B. इस तरह की verb (believe, think expect, suppose, afraid) के साथ so का प्रयोग noun clause के एवज में निम्न प्रकार से किया जाता है Is he alright? Yes, I think so. Wine cooperate you? Yes, I hope so. C. Not का प्रयोग यदि infinitive या gerund के साथ हो तो not हमेशा infinitive एवं gerund के पहले लगाया जाएगा Advised him not to smoke. You are right in not helping her. |
12. Still/Yet/Already
(i) Still का प्रयोग वर्तमान में हो रहे कार्य के लिए किया जाता है भूतकाल (Past) के लिए इसका सामान्यतया प्रयोग नहीं होता है। जैसेःHe is still asleep.
It is still raining.
(ii) Not yet का प्रयोग भविष्य मे पूर्ण होने की आशा वाले कार्यों के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे:
Has she come? not yet.
The jeep hasn't arrived yet.
Has she come? not yet.
The jeep hasn't arrived yet.
(iii) प्रश्न के साथ yet का प्रयोग ऐसे कार्य हेतु किया जाता है जिनके पूर्ण होने की आशा थी वे पूर्ण हुए या नहीं? जैसे:
Is lunch ready yet?
Has the jeep arrived yet?
Is lunch ready yet?
Has the jeep arrived yet?
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सामान्यतया yet वाक्य के अन्त में आता है। Yet का प्रयोग अधिकांशतया Negative एवं Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जाता है। Affirmative वाक्यों में yet का प्रयाग still के समान ही किया जाता है। We have yet to hear from the government. (We are still waiting to hear from the government.) |
(iv) Already इसका अर्थ है पहले से, जब कोई कार्य आशा से पहले पूर्ण हुआ होता है तो सामान्यतया Already का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसेः
When is she coming? She is already here.
You must visit Agra, I have already visited.
When is she coming? She is already here.
You must visit Agra, I have already visited.
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तीनों words (still, yet, already) का प्रयोग past moment बताने के लिए भी हो सकता है। जैसे: I went to see if she had woke up yet. But she was still asleep. This was irritating as her friends had already arrived. |
Position in a sentence
Still एवं already का प्रयोग सामान्यतया वाक्य के मध्य में किया जाता है। कुछ स्थिति में already का प्रयोग वाक्य के अन्त में भी हो सकता है। जैसे:
Are you here already? You must have come by some fast mode.
Are you here already? You must have come by some fast mode.
Yet सामान्यतया वाक्य के अन्त में आता है। Not के साथ yet उसके तुरन्त बाद लगता है। जैसे:
Don't eat the apples, they aren't yet ripe.
The apples are not yet ripe.
Don't eat the apples, they aren't yet ripe.
The apples are not yet ripe.
13. There
इसका प्रयोग जब वाक्य के शुरू में किसी चीज के होने को बताता है, तो वाक्य में subject अनिश्चित रहता है। ऐसे वाक्यों का Structure निम्न प्रकार का होता है
There + to be form of verb +.........
There is a glass on the table.
There are two books under the bed.
There + to be form of verb +.........
There is a glass on the table.
There are two books under the bed.
14. Fairly/Rather
Fairly का प्रयोग good sense में तथा Rather का प्रयोग bad sense में होता है। दोनों का अर्थ मात्रा को व्यक्त करता है। जैसे:
The weather is rather hot. (Correct)
The weather is fairly hot. (Incorrect)
The weather is rather hot. (Correct)
The weather is fairly hot. (Incorrect)
Coffee is fairly hot. (Correct)
(इसका अर्थ है; कॉफी अच्छी गर्म है)
(इसका अर्थ है; कॉफी अच्छी गर्म है)
Coffee is rather hot. (Incorrect)
(इसका अर्थ है; कॉफी न पसन्द आने योग्य गर्म है)
(इसका अर्थ है; कॉफी न पसन्द आने योग्य गर्म है)
I like her as she is rather beautiful. (Incorrect)
I like as she is fairly beautiful. (Correct)
I like as she is fairly beautiful. (Correct)
15. Just
इसका अर्थ है अभी Just का प्रयोग सामान्यतया Present Perfect में किया जाता है
He has just arrived.
They have just gone out.
He has just arrived.
They have just gone out.
Just का अर्थ एकदम सही समय हेतु भी किया जाता है। तब इसका प्रयोग Simple Past में भी किया जा सकता है। जैसे:
They just caught the train.
She just managed to leave.
They just caught the train.
She just managed to leave.
Just का प्रयोग समय हेतु निम्न प्रकार किया जाता है
It has just struck seven. (अभी-अभी 7 बजे हैं।)
It has just struck three. (अभी-अभी 3 बजे है।)
It has just struck seven. (अभी-अभी 7 बजे हैं।)
It has just struck three. (अभी-अभी 3 बजे है।)
16. Early/Soon/Quickly
Early का प्रयोग Adjective एवं Adverb दोनों तरह से किया जाता है। जैसे:
He came in early morning.
Roses blossomed early this spring.
He came in early morning.
Roses blossomed early this spring.
Early का यहाँ अर्थ है, सुबह शुरू होने के तुरन्त बाद या बसंत शुरू होने के तुरन्त बाद। Early का प्रयोग निर्धारित समय से पूर्व के लिए भी होता है। जैसे:
He came in early morning.
The Chief guest came early.
He came in early morning.
The Chief guest came early.
जबकि, soon का प्रयोग after a point of time, के अर्थ में किया जाता है। जैसे:
She came to meet me soon after Ram arrived.
Get well soon.
The work was hard, but she soon used to it.
'Soon' means a short time after a point of time.
Quickly का अर्थ, कार्य करने की गति से लिया जाता है।
Come and see us quickly. (Means make the arrangement fast)
Come and see us soon. (Means come and see us before long)
He did the repair quickly but not very well.
I hope you can do the repair soon. I need the car.
(Michael Swan. Practical English Usage.)
She came to meet me soon after Ram arrived.
Get well soon.
The work was hard, but she soon used to it.
'Soon' means a short time after a point of time.
Quickly का अर्थ, कार्य करने की गति से लिया जाता है।
Come and see us quickly. (Means make the arrangement fast)
Come and see us soon. (Means come and see us before long)
He did the repair quickly but not very well.
I hope you can do the repair soon. I need the car.
(Michael Swan. Practical English Usage.)
17. Seldom or never/Seldom if ever
Seldom के साथ या तो or never या if ever आता है। (Seldom or ever लिखना गलत है) जैसे:
She seldom or never tells lies.
She seldom if ever asks the boys the reason for their absence.
She seldom or never tells lies.
She seldom if ever asks the boys the reason for their absence.
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